Vitamin C supplementation does not alter high-intensity endurance training-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in rat epitrochlearis muscle --- Epub ahead of print

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether vitamin C supplementation prevents high-intensity intermittent endurance training-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in the skeletal muscle. Male Wistar-strain rats were assigned to one of five groups: a control group, training group, small dose vitamin C supplemented training group, middle dose vitamin C supplemented training group, and large dose vitamin C supplemented training group. The rats of the trained groups were subjected to intense intermittent swimming training. The vitamin C supplemented groups were administrated vitamin C for the pretraining and training periods. High-intensity intermittent swimming training without vitamin C supplementation significantly increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α protein content and citrate synthase activity in the epitrochlearis muscle. The vitamin C supplementation did not alter the training-induced increase of these regardless of the dose of vitamin C supplementation. The results demonstrate that vitamin C supplementation does not prevent high-intensity intermittent training-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in the skeletal muscle.


Reactive oxygen species and endurance training-induced adaptations

Endurance training induces mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. Endurance training also improves insulin sensitivity at both the skeletal muscle and whole body level. Recently, ROS have been suggested to play an important role in endurance training-induced adaptations. However, this hypothesis is not yet fully supported. To advance understanding of the role of ROS and antioxidants in endurance training-induced adaptations, efforts should be made in future studies to clarify the sites of ROS production and the influence of antioxidants on the redox status under each training condition. Effort should also be directed to identifying the signaling pathways involved. In this situation, it should be recognized that in vivo cellular signaling is redundant. Therefore, efforts to evaluate the relative importance and interactions among the multiple cellular signaling pathways involved in each training condition are required. Without elucidating the role of ROS and antioxidants in endurance training-induced adaptations, then evidence-based sound advice regarding antioxidant supplementation cannot be made.

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine


Mechanism of endurance training induced mitochondrial biogenesis: Are reactive oxygen species involved?

Research in the 1960s and 1970s revealed that the most important biochemical changes in skeletal muscle in response to endurance training were increases in mitochondrial function and volume (mitochondrial biogenesis). Since the 1990s, research efforts have been directed toward the elucidation of the molecular events and the related intracellular signaling pathways involved in training-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. It was recently suggested by Gomez-Cabrera et al. (2008) that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during exercise play a crucial role in training-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. However, this suggestion has not necessarily been supported by subsequent studies. Future studies should aim to pinpoint the sites of ROS production and the redox status in various cellular compartments under the conditions employed, and then relate the redox status to the specific signal transduction pathways activated and the final outcome of endurance training-induced mitochondrial biogenesis.

Advances in Exercise and Sports Physiology


Effects of different Intensities of endurance exercise on oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three different intensities of exercise on oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity. Eight healthy male subjects performed three different intensities of exercise for 20 minutes: (1) 70% anaerobic threshold (AT) (light intensity, LI), (2) 100% AT (moderate intensity, MI), and (3) 130% AT (high intensity, HI) on a cycle ergometer. A control (C) trial was conducted under resting conditions. Blood samples were taken pre-exercise, immediately and 30 min after exercise. In the HI trial only, the concentrations of plasma derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) were significantly higher immediately (P<0.01) and 30 min after exercise (P<0.05) than at pre-exercise. Furthermore, plasma trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity was significantly higher immediately after exercise in the HI trial (P<0.01). And, plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity was significantly higher immediately after exercise than at pre-exercise in the MI (P<0.05) and HI trials (P<0.01). These data suggest that 20 min of pedaling exercise above the AT level may increase ROS production, while endogenous enzyme activity (especially GPX activity) or non-enzymatic antioxidants may modulate exercise-induced ROS generation. Thus, exercise under the AT level induces very little oxidative stress damage in young people.


Relationship among 10km run-induced fatigue, oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in middle-aged runners

中高年者における10㎞走での疲労感と酸化ストレス及び抗酸化能力の関係


中等度強度以下の持久性運動が血中の活性酸素生成および白血球活性化マーカーに及ぼす影響

The purpose of this study was to examine effects of moderate-intensity endurance exercise on reactive oxygen species production and leukocyte activation markers in young and middle-aged persons. Blood samples were collected before and after the jogging of 10 km. Although cytokines recruiting and priming neutrophils and monocytes were released into the circulation and functional after the jogging of 10 km, reactive oxygen metabolites-derived compounds (d-ROMs) were not significantly increased. It was indicated that chemokines and leukocyte activation markers at rest were increased with aging, and that might be accompanied by the higher level of d-ROMs in the elderly.

若年者，中高年者を対象に 10 km のジョギングの前後に採血を行い，活性酸素種の生成，ケモカインおよび白血球活性化マーカーへの影響を検討した．運動後にケモカインおよび白血球活性化マーカーが上昇した．また加齢に伴い安静時の活性酸素種の生成，ケモカインならびに白血球活性化マーカーが高まる可能性が示された．

Japanese Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine


Effects of resistance training on serum adipocytokine levels in rats

The effects of resistance training (RT) on serum adipocytokine levels were investigated in rats. Male rats were allocated either to a RT group or a control (C) group. The RT group performed RT by climbing 1-m high cages for access to water. The epididymal, retroperitoneal, and inguinal fat pad weights of the RT were significantly lesser than those of the C group. A significantly lower serum insulin concentration was observed in the RT group than in the C group; no significant group difference was observed in the plasma glucose concentration. The serum leptin level was significantly lower in the RT group than in the C group. On the other hand, no significant difference existed in the TNF-α, adiponectin, and resistin levels between the two groups. The results indicate that the RT improved the whole-body insulin sensitivity and induced differential effects on the serum adipocytokine levels in rats.

Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine


Effects of voluntary-running training on skeletal muscle triglyceride, adipocytokines and resting metabolism in the rat

ラットの自発走トレーニングが筋トリグリセリド，アディポサイトカインおよび安静時の代謝に及ぼす影響

Triglyceride accumulation in the skeletal muscle plays an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Therefore, we firstly examined whether voluntary-running training reduced triglyceride accumulation in the fast and slow skeletal muscles of the rat. It was also studied whether the training-induced reduction in muscle triglyceride accumulation was related to the changes in TNF alpha concentration and metabolic enzyme activities in the skeletal muscle, glucose and leptin concentrations in the serum, and resting energy metabolism of a whole body. Thirteen male Wistar-strain rats aged 8 weeks old were assigned either to control (n=6) or training (n=7) groups. The training group was individually housed in a cage with running-wheel for 4 weeks. They run 4205±2143m/day. The control group was maintained for the same period in individual cages with no running-wheel. The animals were provided with food and water ad libitum. The voluntary-running training significantly reduced triglyceride accumulation in the slow soleus muscle. This training-induced reduction of triglyceride accumulation was accompanied by significant decreases in epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose depots weights and serum glucose concentration, which suggests that the voluntary-running training may improve insulin sensitivity with respect to glucose metabolism. The reduction of triglyceride accumulation in the skeletal muscle was also accompanied by a decrease in serum leptin concentration, though no changes existed in the skeletal muscle TNF alpha level and glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities and resting whole body energy metabolism. In conclusion, it was found in the present study that voluntary-running training of the rat reduced triglyceride accumulation in the skeletal muscle and the reduction accompanied decreases in the adipose depots weights, and serum glucose and leptin levels.

Journal of Exercise and Sports Physiology


Cloning and establishment of a line of rats for high levels of voluntary running

We generated an original Wistar line of rats that displayed increased levels of wheel running, which we named SPORTS (Spontaneously-Running-Tokushima-Shikoku). Male SPORTS rats ran voluntarily in a running wheel almost six times longer than male control Wistar rats, established without selection for their running activity. The running phenotype of female SPORTS rats was the same as female control Wistar rats. However, male offspring from the cross-mating between a female SPORTS rat and a male control rat also showed a similar level of hyper-running activity as the original SPORTS line. Compared to control rats, male SPORTS rats had lower levels of mean body weight, abdominal fat and plasma insulin after 4 weeks of running. It is likely that all these beneficial changes observed in the SPORTS rats reflected the increases in glucose disposal we observed in oral glucose tolerance tests carried out on the animals. We also found hyper-running caused a significant increase in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, measured as the ratio of malate dehydrogenase to phosphofructokinase activity, an index of aerobic metabolism. These results indicate that the SPORTS rat may be a good animal model for determining the mechanisms responsible for up-regulation of running motivation, in addition to investigating changes in nutrient metabolism induced by high intensity exercise.


Validity of the assay for plasma glucose, lactate, NEFA and glycerol concentration in micro-liter range of fingertip capillary blood


骨格筋の筋線維タイプの生理学的·生化学的特性 --- 単一筋線維レベルでの検討

骨格筋の筋線維タイプの生理学的·生化学的特性 --- 単一筋線維レベルでの検討

金子公宥(編)合同学会大会大阪2000論集

金子公宥(編)合同学会大会大阪2000論集


Relationship among oxygenation, myoelectric activity, and lactic acid accumulation in vastus lateralis muscle during exercise with constant work rate

自転車こぎ運動時の外側広筋における酸素化レベルが筋放電量および血中乳酸濃度に依存するかどうかを明らかにしようとした．その結果，活動部位の筋放電量および血中乳酸濃度は近赤外分光装置で得られたoxy-Hb/Mbに影響を及ぼすことが明らかになった．

International Journal of Sports Medicine


Visceral adipose tissue weight, resting whole body metabolism and enzyme activity of the skeketal muscle in rats fed normal diet or high-fat diet

普通食あるいは高脂肪食で飼育されたラットの内臓脂肪量，安静時代謝量および骨格筋の酵素活性


Relationsihip between oxygenation and myoelectric activity at vastus lateralis and lateral gastrocnemius muscles

自転車こぎ運動時の外側広筋および腓腹筋外側部における酸素化と筋放電量との関係

自転車こぎ運動時の外側広筋および腓腹筋外側部における酸素化および筋放電量の関係を検討した．その結果，oxy-Hb/Mbの変化とiEMGの変化との間に有意な相関関係が認められた．したがって，運動強度の増加にともなう両筋群間の酸素化の違いは筋活動量の増加パターンの違いに起因することが推察された．


Does prolonged exercise alter diet-induced thermogenesis?

Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) is mainly an insulin-mediated response and the result of fat and glycogen synthesis. We investigated DIT at rest and after exercise to clarify the mechanism of exercise-induced changes in DIT in 6 healthy men (mean age 36 +/- 16 years). Subjects exercised for 1 h at 58% of maximal O2 consumption on a bicycle ergometer and then rested for 8 h sitting in a comfortable chair (exercise experiment). On a different day, subjects rested for 8 h without preceding exercising (non-exercise experiment). At 12.30 h, the subjects were given their second meal. DIT to individual meal did not differ significantly between the exercise and non-exercise days. Increased insulin sensitivity and increased free fatty acid oxidation by exercise may facilitate the conversion of glucose to glycogen in muscle. On the other hand, insulin secretion expressed as the ratio of plasma levels of insulin to glucose after the meal was significantly decreased in the exercise experiment (p < 0.05). Study of heart rate variability showed that sympathetic tone, a primary hormonal determinant of glucose metabolism during exercise, was increased and parasympathetic tone was decreased during the recovery period in the exercise experiment (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that changes in DIT are affected by many factors and may be related to the balance between these counteracting factors.


筋線維レベルにおける筋力発揮能力

筋線維レベルにおける筋力発揮能力

Japanese Journal of Biomechanics in Sports & Exercise


Decreased contraction economy in mouse EDL muscle injured by eccentric contractions

The objective of this study was to find out whether basal and/or active energy metabolism are altered in isolated mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle injured by eccentric (Ecc) contractions. Measurements of basal O2 consumption and isometric tetanus O2 recovery cost were made at 25 degrees C on muscles that had done either 10 Ecc, 10 isometric (Iso), or no contractions (No). In parallel experiments, rates of lactate and pyruvate production were measured to estimate the anaerobic contribution. Basal O2 consumption was unaffected by the type of protocol performed (P = 0.07). However, the tetanus O2 cost per force-time integral was elevated by 30-36% for the Ecc protocol muscles over that for the Iso and No protocol muscles. When including the increased lactate production by the Ecc protocol muscles, the total energetic cost per force-time integral was 53% higher than that for the Iso protocol muscles [2.35 +/- 0.17 vs. 1.54 +/- 0.18 mumol O2/(N.m.s)]. The decreased economy was attributed to two factors. First, in skinned fibers isolated from the injured muscles, the ratio of maximal actomyosin adenosinetriphosphatase activity to force production was up by 37.5%, suggesting uncoupling of ATP hydrolysis from force production. Second, increased reliance on anaerobic metabolism along with the fluorescent microscopic study of mitochondrial membrane potential and histochemical study of ATP synthase suggested an uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in the injured muscles.


骨格筋の筋線維タイプと適応性変化

骨格筋の筋線維タイプと適応性変化


Effect of repeated bouts of step exercise on muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase activity

運動負荷による筋肉痛と血清クレアチンキナーセ の活性値の変化を検討した．運動負荷の初回と第2回目では，筋肉痛の発現時期，痛みの程度および血清クレアチンキナーセ の活性値の変化には性差，個人差が見られ，必ずしも運動負荷量と一致しない．このことから，筋肉痛，血清クレアチンキナーセ およびそれらを含む運動後の適応 には性差，個人差が存在することが明らかにされた．

Proceedings of the ICHPER 36th world congress


Attenuation of Ca2+-induced increase in oxidative metabolism by cooling and calmodulin antagonist in mammalian brain neuron


Changes in myosin heavy chain isoform expression of overloaded rat skeletal muscles

1. The effect of functional overload produced by tenotomy of synergistic gastrocnemius muscle on the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms in the plantaris and soleus muscles of the rat was studied using gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. Five weeks tenotomy, the plantaris and soleus muscle weights induced by tenotomy of the gastrocnemius muscle were 44.3% (P < 0.005) and 37.4% (P < 0.005), respectively, heavier than the contralateral control muscles. 3. Although four types of MHC isoforms were observed in both control and experimental plantaris, the percentage of MHC isoforms in the control and experimental muscles differed; the hypertrophied plantaris muscle contained more HCI (P < 0.05), HCIIa and HCIId (P < 0.05) and less HCIIb (P < 0.05) than the control muscle. 4. The control soleus muscle contained two MHC isoforms, HCI and HCIIa. However, there was only a single HCI isoform in the hypertrophied soleus muscle. 5. These results indicate that overloading a skeletal muscle by removing its synergists produces not only the muscle hypertrophy but also the changes in the expression of MHC isoforms.

The International Journal of Biochemistry


Myosin light cahin patterns in histochemically typed single fibers of the rat skeletal muscle


Myosin heavy chain isoform transition in ageing fast and slow muscles of the rat

Using gradient sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms were studied in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and the soleus muscles of male Wistar rats at different ages (5, 10, 20 weeks, 1 and 2 years). In the EDL muscle, four types of MHC isoforms were observed in all age groups. There was an increase in the percentage of HCIId and a concomitant decrease in the percentage of HCIIb with increasing age. No significant difference was observed in the percentages of HCI and HCIIa isoforms in all the age groups. In contrast, the soleus muscle contained two MHC isoforms, HCI and HCIIa. There was an increase in the percentage of HCI and a concomitant decrease in the percentage of HCIIa with increasing age. These results suggest that age-related changes in the MHC isoforms in both the fast-twitch EDL and the slow-twitch soleus muscles are one factor underlying the age-related decrease in the speed of muscle contraction.


Triphenyltin-induced increase in the intracellular Ca2+ of dissocaited mammalian CNS neuron: its independence from voltage-dependent Ca2+ channesls


トレーニングによる筋の生化学的変化

トレーニングによる筋の生化学的変化


Muscle responses of Thoroughbreds to conventional race trining and detraining

Ten healthy sedentary Thoroughbreds with previous race training experience were trained conventionally for 9 weeks. Muscle biopsy samples were obtained before and after training and after 6 weeks of detraining pasture rest. Biopsy samples were obtained from the right deltoid, triceps, vastus lateralis, middle gluteal, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus muscles. The deep-frozen biopsy samples were analyzed for activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), 3-hydroxy-acylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase (HAD), and phosphorylase (PHOS) and for glycogen concentration. The triceps and gluteal muscle samples were also serially sectioned and stained for myofibrillar actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity after alkaline (pH 10.3) and sequential acidic (pH 4.34) ATPase inactivation. Fiber types I (alkaline preincubation), IIA1, IIA2, and IIA3 (sequential acidic preincubation over 5 minutes) were identified and were evaluated for fiber-type distribution and fiber areas. Increases in response to training were observed in deltoid and vastus muscle SDH and gluteal muscle HAD activities, and deltoid muscle glycogen concentration (P less than 0.05 to P less than 0.01). Changes in PHOS activity were not observed. Type-IIA1, -IIA2, and -IIA3 fiber areas in triceps muscle were increased in response to training (P less than 0.05 to P less than 0.01). Changes in fiber-type distribution did not occur in response to training. Changes in muscle enzyme activities, glycogen concentration, fiber types, and fiber areas were not seen from posttraining to detraining. Further increases were observed when detraining values were compared with pretraining values in deltoid, triceps, vastus, gluteal, and biceps femoris muscle SDH activities and in gluteal muscle glycogen concentration (P less than 0.05 to P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


運動能力の発達の背景としての筋線維タイプ特性

運動能力の発達の背景としての筋線維タイプ特性

教育学博士論文(東京大学)

教育学博士論文(東京大学)


PROPERTIES OF SKEIETAI MUSCIE FIBER TYPES AND FACTORS EFFECTING THEM : PART II.FACTORS INFIUENCING SKEIETAI MUSCIE FIBER TYPES --- そのⅡ．筋線維タイプに影響を与える因子

骨格筋線維タイプの特性とそれに影響を及ぼす因子 --- そのⅡ．筋線維タイプに影響を与える因子

Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine


PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER TYPES AND FACTORS EFFECTING THEM : PART I. CLASSIFICATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS --- そのⅠ．骨格筋線維の分類

骨格筋線維タイプの特性とそれに影響を及ぼす因子 --- そのⅠ．骨格筋線維の分類


Myosin light chain patterns of single fibers and fiber type composition of fast and slow skeletal muscles in rats

Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine


ラット骨格筋のミオシンlight Chainと酵素活性の発育に伴う変化について

ラット骨格筋のミオシンlight Chainと酵素活性の発育に伴う変化について


雌雄マウス·ヒラメ筋の生後発育に関する組織化学的研究

雌雄マウス·ヒラメ筋の生後発育に関する組織化学的研究

Journal of Physiological Society of Japan


Influence of exercise on the fiber composition of skeletal muscle.

Biopsy samples from the vastus lateralis muscle (VLM) of man were examined for fiber composition at rest and at selected intervals during prolonged exercise ranging in intensity from 40% to 75% of the total body maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and one-min bouts of exercise at 150% VO2max. Because of the heterogeneity of fibers in human VLM, studies were also completed where the effect of exercise on the fiber composition of the rat soleus muscle (SM) was examined. In some animals the SM from one hindlimb was removed 9 days prior to their being exercised after which the remaining SM was removed. Exercise reduced muscle glycogen in all experiments. In the studies with man, blood lactate exceeded 17 mmoles/l after the heavy exercise but was largely unchanged by endurance exercise. Colonic temperature of the exercised rats exceeded 40 degrees C. In studies where fibers were identified only as type I and type II, type II fibers in the VLM of all samples (16) taken at rest averaged 61.2 +/- 12.5% as compared to 59.0 +/- 12.0% after exercise (54 biopsy samples). In a second series of studies with man where the subtypes of type II fibers were identified, there were also no differences in fiber composition of the VLM after varying periods of exercise. Glycogen content and percent fiber composition were the same in right and left SM obtained from rested rats. Exercise (30 to 40 min) did not alter the fiber composition of the rat SM. These data demonstrate that the histochemically demonstratable myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase of skeletal muscle is not altered by a single exercise bout.


Comparison of fiber types in skeletal muscles from ten animal species based on sensitivity of the myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase to acid or copper

Comparisons were made of the histochemical characteristics of skeletal muscle from 10 animal species. The basic comparison was made from the staining patterns for the myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase produced by preincubation of fresh frozen cross-sections of muscle at alkaline pH (10.30) or acid pH (4.60) with those produced by preincubation in media containing Cu2+ at alkaline pH (10.30), near neutral pH (7.40), or acid pH (4.60). Muscle sections were also stained for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase to provide an indication of the relative oxidative and glycolytic capacity of the different fiber types. Type II fibers in mixed fibered muscles were either very sensitive, moderately sensitive, or relatively insensitive to inactivation of the myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase after acid preincubation. These fibers were identified as type IIA1, IIA2, and IIA3, respectively. The myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase of the type I fibers of these muscles, with the exception of those in mouse muscle, was activated by pretreatment with acid. A separation of animal species was possible based on the stability of the IIA1 fibers to inclusion of Cu2+ in the preincubation medium. For one group of animals (rat, mouse, monkey, man, dog, rabbit, and cow), a reciprocal relationship existed between lability to acid and stability to Cu2+ for type IIA1 and IIA3 fibers, respectively. For the second group of animals (horse, ass, and cat) there was a parallel relationship between lability or stability of the type IIA1 and IIA3 fibers to pretreatment with either acid or Cu2+.


Carbohydrate is an important energy source during exercise. During short, heavy exercise it may be the only energy source for the working muscle and may be derived exclusively from the glycogen stores within the muscle fibers themselves. During prolonged, submaximal exercise the magnitude of the contribution that carbohydrate makes to the total fuel consumed depends upon a number of factors, including (1) the intensity of the exercise, (2) the duration of the exercise, (3) the state or type of training that the individual has engaged in, or both, and (4) the diet previously consumed. Due to their limited storage in the body and the relative ease with which these stores can be manipulated by combinations of diet and/or training, a knowledge of the dynamics of carbohydrate metabolism is an important component in the arsenal of knowledge for coaches and athletes.


Physical training induces adaptive changes in skeletal muscle. These changes are localised to the active muscle with their magnitude depending upon the nature, i.e. time and intensity, of the training regimen. The most notable changes are increased concentrations of mitochondria and glycogen. With endurance training there are major changes in metabolism in that there is a greater contribution of fat to the total metabolism during submaximal exercise. This results in a conservation of the stores of glycogen with the net result of increasing total exercise capacity. This increased use of fat during submaximal exercise appears to be more closely related to the elevations in the concentration of mitochondria in muscle than to changes in total body maximal oxygen uptake. The combination of a greater contribution of fat to the metabolism and the elevated concentration of stored glycogen are prime factors contributing to the enhanced endurance capacity after endurance training. The mechanism for the greater use of fat after endurance training is discussed. Evidence now supports the hypothesis that this is due to a tighter control over the Embden-Meyerhof pathway as a result of the greater concentration of mitochondria. The effect of heavy resistance exercise on the size and strength of skeletal muscle is discussed. Some attention is focused on the recently revived controversy concerning whether muscle enlargement is the result of a hypertrophy of pre-existing fibres or of hyperplasia. It is concluded that although there is considerable evidence to support the development of hypertrophy in response to heavy resistance exercise, the contention that a splitting of fibres occurs to produce a greater fibre number is presently poorly supported.


The muscle fiber composition of skeletal muscle as a predictor of athletic success

Human skeletal muscle is composed of varying percentages of fiber types. This percent composition varies widely between muscles and among individuals. The fiber composition of some skeletal muscle could be construed as being advantageous to successful performance in selected athletic event. However, this relationship is not sufficiently close to warrant the conclusion that the fiber composition of the muscle per se is the determinant of the superior performance of elite athletes. Reasonably good evidence exists to support the position that the fiber composition of a muscle is the result of a genetic endowment. Although muscle fibers are mutable, present evidence is equivocal as to whether habitual participation in given type of physical activity is responsible for high percentages of a given fiber type being present in the muscles of some athletes. Although considerable knowledge has come from the study of muscle samples obtained from sedentary individuals, athletes of a wide range of performance capacity, and individuals before and after training, a considerable gap remains for a full understanding of how the characteristics of muscle are related to performance capacity. The observation that considerable variation exists in the percent distribution of the fibers within a muscle and that athletes with a wide range of fiber populations in their muscles can be successful in the same athletic event cautions against the routine application of the biopsy technique to estimate the fiber distribution of muscles and also to use such data as a routine screening procedure for predicting athletic success. The point, as was made in an earlier paper, that the biopsy technique for studying muscle is a research tool, will probably continue to be true for the near future.


Identification of fiber types in rat skeletal muscle based on the sensitivity of myofibrillar actomyosin ATPas to copper

Experiments are reported demonstrating that differential rates of inactivation of the histochemical staining for myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase in rat skeletal muscle fibers exist following inclusion of low concentrations of Cu2+ in the preincubation medium. This response of rat muscle occurs at near neutral (7.40), acid (4.60), and alkaline (10.30) pH. The response to Cu2+ appears to result from a binding of Cu2+ onto the myofibrillar complex, probably on myosin itself, as it can be reversed by soaking of the pretreated muscle sections in sodium cyanide or the Cu2+ chelator diethyldithiocarbamate. The pattern of modification of the staining pattern following pretreatment with Cu2+ is the mirror image of that produced by pretreatment with acid. The results demonstrate that the inclusion of Cu2+ in the preincubation media for the myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase can be a useful tool to differentiate fiber types. They also support the earlier conclusion that three distinct types of type II fibers can be identified in rat skeletal muscle based on the histochemical staining for myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase.


Influence of ionic composition,buffer-ing agent, and pH onthe histochemical myofibrillar actomyosin ATPasae.

The influence of the composition of the preincubation medium on the histochemical demonstration of myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase, including a variety of carboxylic acid and non-carboxylic acid buffering compounds and neutral salts, was studied. In inorganic salt-free systems the rate of the activation of type I fibers and inactivation of type II fibers was accelerated when the carboxylic acids had longer chain length or multiple carboxyl groups. Of these factors, the number of carboxyl groups was dominant with a 100 mM citrate buffer producing a sharp differentiation between fiber types. In contrast, the time course of the response was exceptionally long in an acetate buffer. The time course of the ATPase reaction was also modified by other buffers at pH 4.60. The most notable were an ascorbate - glycine buffer system which produced little or no deviation from the alkaline preincubation staining pattern after prolonged preincubation and a pyrophosphate system which produced a rapid change. Neutral salts in the preincubation medium accelerated the time course of the inactivation - activation process with the order for the halogen salts of K+ being F- less than Cl- less than Br- less than I-, which is a progression by molecular weight. The only sequence for cations on the myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase was Li+ less than Na+ less than K+. The response to salts was concentration dependent. An interaction existed between buffering compound, type of salt, and pH. These experiments demonstrate that the histochemical differentiation of fiber types by the myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase reaction depends upon a modification of some component(s) of the myofibrillar complex that can be influenced by a number of factors.


ラット骨格筋の酵素活性の性差に関する研究

ラット骨格筋の酵素活性の性差に関する研究


Sex differences in histochemical properties of the soleus muscles of mice during growth

Matui,H. and Kobayashi,K.(eds.) Biomechanics 8-A


Effect of thyroidectomy on histochemical properties of the extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles in rats

Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine


Histochemical changes of rat skeletal muscles induced by cold acclimation


The effects of castration and testosterone administration on the histochemical fiber type distribution in the skeletal muscles of the mouse

Morecki,A., Fidelus,K. and Kedzior,Kand Wit,A.(eds.), Biomechanics VII-B


哺乳動物運動単位と筋線維の組織化学的，機械的および電気的特性に関する研究

哺乳動物運動単位と筋線維の組織化学的，機械的および電気的特性に関する研究

日本バイオメカニクス学会(編) 身体運動の科学Ⅲ

日本バイオメカニクス学会(編) 身体運動の科学Ⅲ


Asmussen.E. and Jorgensen,K.(eds.) Biomechanics 6-A


骨格筋線維の分類について --- Motor Controlの立場から

骨格筋線維の分類について --- Motor Controlの立場から


Effect of indigestible dextrin intake on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in exercise

難消化性デキストリン摂取が軽運動時における糖・脂質代謝に及ぼす影響

It has been reported that dextrin (DX) has an effect of inhibition from elevation of blood glucose concentration after taking a meal. A little increase of blood glucose concentration after the meal would notaccelerate secretion of insulin from the pancreas, so that, the blood insulin concentration may not elevate somuch after the meal. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of DX intake with light meal on carbohydrate and fat metabolism in light intensity exercise. Eight young male subjects participated in this study. They took the light meal one hour before exercise, and performed a 30-min exercise at light intensity of heart sound breaking point on a cycle ergometer under two conditions of taking the meal with and without DX. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, plasma lactate (LA), plasma glucose (BG) and plasma free fatty acid (FFA), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were determined at before meal, start of exercise after 60 minutes of taking the meal, midpoint of exercise (15-min point), end of exercise (30-min point) and recovery phase after 15 minutes from cessation of the exercise. Average heart rate were 126.3 (SD; 11.3) and 122.8 (10.1) bpm during exercises with and without DX, respectively (not significant). Oxygen consumptions were 1.18 (0.24) and 1.16 (0.22) 1/min during exercises with and without DX, respectively (not significant). LA showed same values (1.8 (0.6)mM) in both conditions (not significant). BG showed significantly low values in DX condition at start and end of exercise and recovery phase than that in non-DX condition. FFA showed also significantly low values in DX condition at start and end of exercise and recovery phase than that in non-DX condition. These results indicate that DX inhibit absorption of BG not only at rest but also during exercise, and intake of DX with a meal may affect to elevate FFA intake to active muscle during exercise.

Natural Science Research, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima

徳島大学総合科学部自然科学研究


Effects of short term group training on arterial stiffness in older hypertensive women

Advances in Exercise and Sports Physiology


日常生活における身体活動レベルと体組成及び血中健康関連指標との関連

日常生活における身体活動レベルと体組成及び血中健康関連指標との関連

1) This study was undertaken firstly to confirm the validity of a volume and an intensity in daily physical activity measured with a pedometer in which an accelometer was installed (lifecorder), and secondly to investigate the relationship among measured daily physical activity level, body composition and health-related parameters in the blood. 2) To confirm the validity of the lifecorder measurement, a comparison was made between the intensity measured with a lifecorder and Mets value in various physical activities and some sports activities. The results showed that the lifecorder intensity was significantly correlated with METs value in daily physical activities, suggesting the validity of the lifecorder measurement. 3) No significant correlation was observed between the lifecorder intensity and Mets value in sports activities. 4) There was a highly significant correlation between measured resting energy consumption and calculated resting energy consumption used in a lifecorder. 5) An investigation of the relationship between daily physical activity level, body composition and serum health-related parameters revealed that the total energy consumption per body weight per day was the most highly influential on body composition and serum health-related parameters.

Research bulletin of Tokushima Bunri University


Effects of stretch-shortening cycle exercise to exhaustion on the contractile properties of the triceps surae muscle and injury-related parameters

疲労困憊に至る伸張-短縮サイクル運動が下腿三頭筋の収縮特性及び損傷指標に及ぼす影響

The repeated heel-raiseis a typical stretch-shortening cyc1e (SSC) exercise. The exercise is not only performed in resistance training but also used for evaluating muscular strength in c1inical settings. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of repeated heel-raise exercise to a volitional exhaustion on contractile properties of the triceps surae muscle and parameters reflecting muscle injury.Five Healthy university students with no orthopedic disorders served as subjects. Each subject performed two exercises. ln SSC condition，the subjects repeated the SSC exercise every 2 seconds to volitional exhaustion. ln the IS0 condition，they repeated the same number of an isometric exercise as that of the SSC exercise.In the SSC condition，the subjects exhausted after repeating the exercise 28.6 times. At exhaustion，maximal torque developing capacity decreased significantly and the decrease was accompanied by a tendency of a lower median power frequency of the EMG signals. A significantly higher lactate concenlration was also observed. On the other hand，the ISO exercise induced no significant changes in these parameters.In the SSC condition，the decreased maximal torque developing capacity at exhaustion remained one hour and even one day following the exhausting exercise. The circumference of the lower extremity became larger significantly at exhaustion as compared with the pre-exercise values and remained higher one hour and one day after the exercise. The pressure threshold for pain in the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle and the muscle-tendon junction of the triceps surae muscle became significantlylower compared with pre-exercise value one hour or one day following the exercise. Muscle painevaluated using visual analog scale f1uctuated and the higher value was observed at exhaustion and one day after SSC exercise. ln the ISO condition，no significant changes in these parameters were observed.The results of the present study indicated that the SSC exercise had more profound effects oncontractile properties， myo-electrical signals and injury-related parameters than the ISO exercise.Furthermore, the results suggest that，even in a relatively small number of repetitions，repeated heel-raise, at ypical SSC exercise，induces as light muscle injury.

Journal of Human Sciences and Arts, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima

徳島大学総合科学部人間科学研究


Research of the walking and/or running for raising quality of life(QOL)

生活のQOLを高めることを目指したウオーキング・ランニングの在り方に関する総合的研究

A walking and/or running for raising quality of life (QOL) was studied from the face of exercise physiology，exercise biochemistry，sport sociology. Three experiments and a survey were carried out to achieve the purpose. The results were summarized as follows:1) The running program in the long time was effective in the decrease of body fat percentage， the decrease of body weight as overweight person， and also in the increase of muscular endurance.2) Appropriate BMI and muscular endurance are important for the marathon race.3) Accelerometer steps per day did not significantly for correlate to body composition，health-related parameters in blood or serum adipocytokine levels.4) Each subject ofthe walk exercise must be examined from the coordination ability.5) A exercise class rises the Self-efficacy(SE)，and the individual group activity iseffective to maintain the SE.

徳島大学総合科学部人間科学研究


起立性調節障害と自律神経活動および心臓不整脈基質との関連

起立性調節障害と自律神経活動および心臓不整脈基質との関連


Effects of ice pack on muscle injury induced by eccentric contractions

The purpose of this study was to examine whether local application of ice packs had positive effects on recovery from eccentric contraction-induced skeletal muscle injury and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Three male and 8 female healthy university students served as subjects. The subjects performed 20 eccentric contractions of elbow flexor muscles on 2 occasions, one with application of ice packs on the muscles immediately after eccentric actions (experimental trial) and the other without ice pack modality (control trial). Maximal isometric strength, relaxed upper arm circumference, flexed elbow angle and perceived muscle soreness were measured before, immediately after eccentric actions, after 30 min-long ice pack application, and 1 day after and 2 days after eccentric actions. Plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity was determined before, 1 day after and 2 days after eccentric actions. Repeated measure ANOVA showed significant cold treatment effect and treatment-time interaction were found for girth of upper arm. Girth of upper arm was significantly lower in the experimental trial than in the control trial. Moreover, ice pack treatment decreased the girth of upper arm to control values immediately after treatment. No treatment-time interaction existed for maximum isometric strength, perceived muscle soreness, relaxed elbow angle and CPK activity. It is concluded that cold treatment with ice pack modality has very little effects, if any, on the eccentric contraction-induced muscle injury and DOMS.

Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University


Effectiveness of periodic weight support activity as a countermeasure to soleus muscle atrophy during hindlimb suspension


長時間運動後のエネルギー代謝におよぼす影響

長時間運動後のエネルギー代謝におよぼす影響


長時間の自転車こぎ運動時における糖質摂取パターンの違いがパフォーマンスと代謝に及ぼす影響

持久的運動時に糖質摂取パターンの違いが運動中の代謝および運動後の全力運動のperformanceに及ぼす影響をみた．その結果，運動の前半に糖質を補給した方が血糖値を高く維持できること，摂取パターンを変えても運動後の全力運動のperformanceには影響を及ぼさないことが明らかになった．

徳島大学総合科学部人間科学研究


自転車こぎ運動時の大腿および下腿部のoxy(Hb+Mb)の変化パターンについて

自転車こぎ運動時の大腿および下腿部のoxy(Hb+Mb)の変化パターンについて

近赤外分光装置を用いて自転車こぎ運動時の外側広筋および腓腹筋外頭筋の変化の特性を明らかにしようとした．その結果，外側広筋のoxy(Hb+Mb)の変化は40∼50%VO2maxまでは安静レベルを保ち，それ以上の強度になると直線的に低下し，疲労困憊付近では再び定常状態を保つ傾向がみられた．腓腹筋外頭筋では60∼70%VO2maxまでは安静レベルを保ち，70%VO2max以上になると急激に低下する傾向がみられた．したがって，漸増負荷法による自転車こぎ運動時の大腿および下腿部のoxy(Hb+Mb)の変化パターンには大きな違いがみられた．

徳島大学総合科学部人間科学研究


Calcium-activated maximum tension in type 1 and type 2 single fibers of rat limb muscles

Bulletin of Faculty of Liberal Arts, Yamaguchi University


Influence of exercise and food intake on post-exercise carbohydrate and fat metabolism

Proceedings FISU/CESU Conference The 18th Universiade 1995 Fukuoka


中程度の強度の運動と運動後の食事が心拍数および代謝産物レベルに与える影響について

一般の トレ-ニンク でよく採用される中程度の運動と，運動後の回復期に摂取する食事が代謝に及ぼす影響を検討した．一般のトレ-ニンク でよく採用される最大酸素摂取量の60%強度，30分間の運動は，運動中のみならず運動終了後少なくとも6時間が経過するまでは，代謝を安静時レヘ ル以上に保ち，さらに脂質代謝 の亢進をもたらすことを明らかにした．

徳島大学総合科学部人間科学研究


スーパーインポーズシステムによる卓球のフォアハンドドライブの動作分析

スーパーインポーズシステムによる卓球のフォアハンドドライブの動作分析

卓球のフォアハンドドライブにおける動作分析を行い，スイングスピードに影響する要因を検討した．回転の中心が棘突起付近にあること，肘の角度が大きいこと，打球方向に右腰部や左膝部を移動することが，スピードに重要であることが結論づけられた．

徳島大学総合科学部健康科学紀要

徳島大学総合科学部健康科学紀要


最大酸素摂取量と血中成分との関係からみた肥満度の指標について

最大酸素摂取量と血中成分との関係からみた肥満度の指標について

J Health and Physical Education Univ of Tokushima

徳島大学教養部紀要(保健体育)


大学生の生活活動指数とエネルギ―収支におよぼす体育実技の影響

大学生の生活活動指数とエネルギ―収支におよぼす体育実技の影響

Journal of the Faculty of Liberal Arts,Yamaguchi University. Natural sciences

山口大学教養部紀要/自然科学篇


マウスヒラメ筋のfiber type比に及ぼす去勢の影響について

マウスヒラメ筋のfiber type比に及ぼす去勢の影響について