A Novel Approach to Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm: Method Description and Associated Outcome

Microvascular decompression (MVD) is the only potential cure for hemifacial spasm (HFS). However, traditional techniques such as the interposition method may have limited effect in some cases. Alternative techniques have been proposed; however, they can be more complex or difficult to perform than the standard approach. To describe a safe decompression technique-the "shelter method"-which involves creating a shelter-like space around the facial nerve root exit zone and present associated outcomes. Medical records and intraoperative findings of 92 patients with HFS who underwent MVD using the shelter method between April 1997 and March 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. As a historical control group, we included 53 patients who had undergone MVD by the traditional interposition method before March 1989. The patients were divided into 3 subgroups according to the arteries involved and degree or direction of arterial compression to the seventh nerve. Patient outcomes were assessed as excellent, good, fair, and poor according to the MVD scoring system of the Japan Society for MVD Surgery. In the shelter method group, complete disappearance of HFS was achieved in 87 patients (94.6%). The curative rate of the shelter method group was significantly higher than that of the interposition method group. The overall complication rates were significantly lower in the shelter method group than in the interposition method group. Our findings indicate high curative and low complication rates of the shelter method, suggesting that it helps treat HFS caused by various types of arterial compression.


Development of a Navigation-guided Fence-post Catheter for Brain Tumor Resection

Navigation system devices have been developed to allow precise resection of brain tumor. The fence-post catheter techniques that use a navigation system have been used in many neurosurgery centers. However, an exclusive catheter for the fence-post catheter techniques have not been made, and substituted silicon tube of the cerebral ventricle drainage or a Nelaton catheter is widely used. In this brief technical note, we describe a new fence-post catheter with steel tip device that was designed for more precise tissue resection and is useful in tumor resection. The newly designed fence-post catheter helps to visually gauge the accurate depth from the tumor bottom during tumor resection. Furthermore, the catheter tip has moderate weight and is made of a non-magnetic material. Using our fence-post catheter, which has a metal part at the tip of the tube (length, 13 mm), operators can clearly notice that they are getting closer to base of the tumor by checking the metal part during the resection of deep tumors. Our newly developed fence-post tube enables easy confirmation of the distance to deep-tissue regions and improves the degree of safety during tumor removal. J. Med. Invest. 69 : 117-119, February, 2022.

The Journal of Medical Investigation : JMI


Elevated cellular PpIX potentiates sonodynamic therapy in a mouse glioma stem cell-bearing glioma model by downregulating the Akt/NF-κB/MDR1 pathway.

Glioblastoma (GBM) has high mortality rates because of extreme therapeutic resistance. During surgical resection for GBM, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence is conventionally applied to distinguish GBM. However, surgical intervention is insufficient for high invasive GBM. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) combined with low-intensity ultrasonication (US) and PpIX, as a sonosensitizer, is an emerging and promising approach, although its efficacy is limited. Based on our previous study that down-regulation of multidrug resistant protein (MDR1) in GBM augmented the anti-tumor effects of chemotherapy, we hypothesized that elevation of cellular PpIX levels by down-regulation of MDR1 enhances anti-tumor effects by SDT. In high invasive progeny cells from mouse glioma stem cells (GSCs) and a GSC-bearing mouse glioma model, we assessed the anti-tumor effects of SDT with a COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib. Down-regulation of MDR1 by celecoxib increased cellular PpIX levels, as well as valspodar, an MDR1 inhibitor, and augmented anti-tumor effects of SDT. MDR1 down-regulation via the Akt/NF-κB pathway by celecoxib was confirmed, using an NF-κB inhibitor, CAPÉ. Thus, elevation of cellar PpIX by down-regulation of MDR1 via the Akt/NF-κB pathway may be crucial to potentiate the efficacy of SDT in a site-directed manner and provide a promising new therapeutic strategy for GBM.


Efficacy of Intra-arterial Indocyanine Green Videoangiography in Hemangioblastoma Surgery: A Case Report.

Intravenous indocyanine green (ICG) videoangiography is reportedly useful for vascular neurosurgery, and for treating hemangioblastoma due to its high vascularity. Videoangiography obtained after intra-arterial ICG injection has emerged as a more useful option than that after intravenous injection. This report offers the first description of a case of hemangioblastoma successfully treated using intra-arterial ICG videoangiography, and describes the efficacy of this technique. A 20-year-old man presented with progressive cerebellar ataxia and dysphagia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an enhanced solid tumor in the medulla oblongata. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) showed a highly vascularized tumor. Surgery was performed to remove the tumor in a hybrid operating room. A catheter was introduced into the vertebral artery (VA) for intra-arterial ICG videoangiography. Superficial feeders and drainers were identified and flow dynamic changes in the tumor were assessed by intra-arterial ICG videoangiography. The tumor was removed after confirming lack of flow in the drainer. Intra-arterial ICG videoangiography was more useful than intravenous ICG videoangiography in hemangioblastoma surgery for identifying feeders and drainers and assessing flow dynamics in the tumor. Use of Flow 800 made these findings simpler and easier to evaluate.


Reversible Hearing Impairment Due to Inferior Colliculi Compression by a Pineal Glial Cyst


Continued-Maintenance Therapy with High-dose Methotrexate Improves Overall Survival of Patients with Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma.

In 3-year overall survival (OS) there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups [controls : 33.1% (95%, CI 12.4 - 55.7%) ; maintenance group : 74.9% (95%, CI 55.6 - 86.7%) (p < 0.02)]. Conclusion : The induction of HD-MTX based chemotherapy followed by continued-maintenance HD-MTX monotherapy improved OS compared with chemoradiotherapy consisting of HD-MTX followed by WBRT. J. Med. Invest. 68 : 286-291, August, 2021.


Gelatinthrombin Hemostatic Matrix-related Cyst Formation after Cerebral Hematoma Evacuation: A Report of Two Cases


Downregulation of the CCL2/CCR2 and CXCL10/CXCR3 axes contributes to antitumor effects in a mouse model of malignant glioma.

microglia. In GSCs, celecoxib inhibited Ccl2 and Cxcr3 expression in a nuclear factor-kappa B-dependent manner but not Ccr2 and CxcL10. Moreover, Ccl2 silencing resulted in decreased GSC viability. These results suggest that celecoxib-mediated regulation of the CCL2/CCR2 and CXCL10/ CXCR3 axes may partially contribute to glioma-specific antitumor effects.

Glioblastoma multiforme involves glioma stem cells (GSCs) that are resistant to various therapeutic approaches. Here, we studied the importance of paracrine signaling in the glioma microenvironment by focusing on the celecoxib-mediated role of chemokines C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), C-X-C ligand 10 (CXCL10), and their receptors, CCR2 and CXCR3, in GSCs and a GSC-bearing malignant glioma model. C57BL/6 mice were injected with orthotopic GSCs intracranially and divided into groups administered either 10 or 30 mg/kg celecoxib, or saline to examine the antitumor effects associated with chemokine expression. In GSCs, we analyzed cell viability and expression of chemokines and their receptors in the presence/absence of celecoxib. In the malignant glioma model, celecoxib exhibited antitumor effects in a dose dependent manner and decreased protein and mRNA levels of Ccl2 and CxcL10 and Cxcr3 but not of Ccr2. CCL2 and CXCL10 co-localized with Nestin


Metastatic tumor to the orbital cavity from a primary carcinoma of the uterine cervix : a case report.

Metastatic tumors to the orbit of the eye, especially from primary carcinomas of the uterine cervix are very rare. A 64-year-old woman with a history of carcinoma of the uterine cervix presented with right eye pain and blepharoptosis for 2 weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mass at the right orbital apex. Surgical extirpation was performed due to severe pain. Postoperative pathology demonstrated a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. The origin was ultimately considered to be the carcinoma of the uterine cervix. In conclusion, this report describes a rare case of a metastatic tumor at the orbital apex derived from the cervix of the uterus. J. Med. Invest. 66 : 355-357, August, 2019.


The risk of hemorrhage in stereotactic biopsy for brain tumors.

Objective : One major complication associated with STB is intratumoral hematoma, which is also the most common cause of morbidity related to permanent paralysis and mortality in STB. The risk of perioperative hemorrhage is generally between 1% and 10%, but this could be an underestimation since it is not common for many neurosurgeons to perform CT scans after uncomplicated STBs. In this study, we describe the incidence of cerebral hemorrhage, including asymptomatic cerebral hemorrhage. Methods : We recently reviewed data on the diagnosis rate and occurrence of complications, including symptomatic and asymptomatic cerebral hemorrhage, in 80 patients who underwent STB at our facility between 2005 and 2014. Results : Histological diagnosis was established for 75 cases (93.8%), glioma was the most frequently encountered tumor. Symptomatic hemorrhage was observed in two cases (2.6%), with the symptoms subsiding within two days. The morbidity and mortality rate was 0%. However, asymptomatic hemorrhages were observed in 23 cases (28.8%). Conclusion : Stereotactic biopsy is a less invasive procedure for obtaining samples of brain tumors for diagnosis. The bleeding of the tissue-resection cavity that includes asymptomatic hemorrhage occurs at a constant rate. It is important to reduce the symptomatic bleeding associated with stereotactic biopsy. J. Med. Invest. 66 : 314-318, August, 2019.


Treatment of Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms with the Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blocker Eplerenone-Pilot Study.

Currently there are no pharmacological therapies for patients with unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Elsewhere we showed that the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone prevented the formation of cerebral aneurysms in our ovariectomized hypertensive aneurysm rat model. The current pilot study evaluated whether it can be used to prevent the growth and rupture of cerebral aneurysms in hypertensive patients. Between August 2011 and May 2014, we enrolled 82 patients with 90 aneurysms in an open-label uncontrolled clinical trial. All provided prior informed consent for inclusion in this study, and all were treated with eplerenone (25-100 mg/d). The primary end points of our study were the rupture and enlargement of the cerebral aneurysms. Of the 82 patients, 80 (88 unruptured aneurysms) were followed for a mean of 21.3 months (153.4 aneurysm-years); 12 patients (15.0%) permanently discontinued taking the drug. One month after the start of eplerenone administration and throughout the follow-up period, eplerenone kept the blood pressure within the normal range. Most notably, no aneurysms smaller than 9 mm ruptured or enlarged. However, of 2 large thrombosed aneurysms, 1 enlarged and the other ruptured. The overall annual rupture rate was .65%; it was 13.16% for aneurysms larger than 10 mm; the overall annual rate for reaching the primary end points was 1.30%. Our observations suggest that eplerenone may help to prevent the growth and rupture of unruptured cerebral aneurysms smaller than 9 mm. To assess its potential long-term clinical benefits, large clinical trials are needed.

Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases


Down-regulation of MDR1 by Ad-DKK3 via Akt/NFB pathways augments the anti-tumor effect of temozolomide in glioblastoma cells and a murine xenograft model

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant of brain tumors. Acquired drug resistance is a major obstacle for successful treatment. Earlier studies reported that expression of the multiple drug resistance gene (MDR1) is regulated by YB-1 or NFκB via the JNK/c-Jun or Akt pathway. Over-expression of the Dickkopf (DKK) family member DKK3 by an adenovirus vector carrying DKK3 (Ad-DKK3) exerted anti-tumor effects and led to the activation of the JNK/c-Jun pathway. We investigated whether Ad-DKK3 augments the anti-tumor effect of temozolomide (TMZ) via the regulation of MDR1. GBM cells (U87MG and U251MG), primary TGB105 cells, and mice xenografted with U87MG cells were treated with Ad-DKK3 or TMZ alone or in combination. Ad-DKK3 augmentation of the anti-tumor effects of TMZ was associated with reduced MDR1 expression in both in vivo and in vitro studies. The survival of Ad-DKK3-treated U87MG cells was inhibited and the expression of MDR1 was reduced. This was associated with the inhibition of Akt/NFκB but not of YB-1 via the JNK/c-Jun- or Akt pathway. Our results suggest that Ad-DKK3 regulates the expression of MDR1 via Akt/NFκB pathways and that it augments the anti-tumor effects of TMZ in GBM cells.


MicroRNA-449a deficiency promotes colon carcinogenesis.

MicroRNAs have broad roles in tumorigenesis and cell differentiation through regulation of target genes. Notch signaling also controls cell differentiation and tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms through which Notch mediates microRNA expression are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify microRNAs regulated by Notch signaling. Our analysis found that microRNA-449a (miR-449a) was indirectly regulated by Notch signaling. Although miR-449a-deficient mice did not show any Notch-dependent defects in immune cell development, treatment of miR-449a-deficient mice with azoxymethane (AOM) or dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) increased the numbers and sizes of colon tumors. These effects were associated with an increase in intestinal epithelial cell proliferation following AOM/DSS treatment. In patients with colon cancer, miR-449a expression was inversely correlated with disease-free survival and histological scores and was positively correlated with the expression of MLH1 for which loss-of function mutations have been shown to be involved in colon cancer. Colon tissues of miR-449a-deficient mice showed reduced Mlh1 expression compared with those of wild-type mice. Thus, these data suggested that miR-449a acted as a key regulator of colon tumorigenesis by controlling the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. Additionally, activation of miR-449a may represent an effective therapeutic strategy and prognostic marker in colon cancer.


Remarkable Shrinkage of a Growth Hormone (GH)-secreting Macroadenoma Induced by Somatostatin Analogue Administration: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Acromegaly is caused by excessive growth hormone secretion, usually from pituitary adenomas. Somoatostatin analogues are widely used as primary or adjunctive therapy in the management of acromegaly. In this report, we present a case with remarkable shrinkage of a tumor after relatively short-term octreotide long-acting release (LAR) administration. During the 30-month follow-up after starting octreotide LAR, there was no recurrence of acromegaly with remarkable shrinkage of the tumor on pituitary magnetic resonance imaging. A literature review of the predictors for tumor shrinkage after the administration of somatostatin analogues in patients with acromegaly is also discussed in relation to this case.


Postoperative Hematoma Requiring Recraniotomy in 1149 Consecutive Patients with Intracranial Tumors

The reported 30-day mortality rate after brain tumor surgery is 2.2% to 2.9%, with a postoperative hematoma (POH) as the most frequent cause of death. To investigate the risk factors for a POH requiring a recraniotomy after brain tumor surgery in a large, contemporary, single-institution consecutive series. We included 1149 patients who underwent surgery for intracranial tumors at the Tokushima University Hospital from 1997 to 2014. The patient charts were retrospectively studied from our prospectively collected database. We analyzed the risk factors, type of hemorrhage, time to reoperation, and outcomes. The incidence of a POH requiring a recraniotomy was 2.09%. Among the patients with a POH requiring a recraniotomy, 12.5% died within 30 days of the first surgery. The incidence of a POH requiring a recraniotomy significantly correlated with the incidence of a hemangioblastoma, infratentorial tumors, and a prolonged operative time (>10 h), but not with the patient age or sex, surgical procedure (biopsy or craniotomy), surgical type (primary or secondary), bleeding volume, or intraoperative blood transfusion requirement. A recraniotomy for a POH was performed in 54% of the patients just after the first operation, and within 24 h for 79% of the patients. The clinical status at the time of discharge deteriorated in 52% of the patients. Hemangioblastomas, infratentorial tumors, and an operative time exceeding 10 h were significantly correlated with an increased risk of a POH; these factors were responsible for 12.5% of the 30-day surgical mortality rate.


Blocking COX-2 induces apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation via the Akt/survivin- and Akt/ID3 pathway in low-grade-glioma.

Approximately half of surgically-treated patients with low-grade-glioma (LGG) suffer recurrence or metastasis. Currently there is no effective drug treatment. While the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib showed anti-neoplastic activity against several malignant tumors, its effects against LGG remain to be elucidated. Ours is the first report that the expression level of COX-2 in brain tissue samples from patients with LGG and in LGG cell lines is higher than in the non-neoplastic region and in normal brain cells. We found that celecoxib attenuated LGG cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. It inhibited the generation of prostaglandin E2 and induced apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. We also show that celecoxib hampered the activation of the Akt/survivin- and the Akt/ID3 pathway in LGGs. These findings suggest that celecoxib may have a promising therapeutic potential and that the early treatment of LGG patients with the drug may be beneficial.


Congenital craniopharyngioma treated by radical surgery: case report and review of the literature

Craniopharyngiomas are 5-10 % of all pediatric tumors, but are seldomly encountered in the perinatal period. Only seven instances of a truly antenatal diagnosis of a congenital craniopharyngioma that subsequently underwent radical surgery have been reported. We present the case of a patient who received the diagnosis of a suprasellar tumor during the prenatal period and received radical surgery. We report a case of a neonatal craniopharyngioma treated surgically. The pregnancy progressed uneventfully until a routine ultrasound at 37 weeks of gestation showed a 15 × 15 mm high echoic mass in the center of the fetal head. Neonatal Gd-enhanced T1-weighted MRI at 5 days of life showed a homogenously enhanced mass (16×22×15 mm) in the sellar and suprasellar lesion. As the tumor showed rapid growth at the 3rd month of life, the patient underwent a surgical treatment and the mass was totally removed. Three years later, the physical and mental development of the patient was normal, and Gd-MRI studies showed no tumor recurrence. The present case is the eighth case of a truly antenatal diagnosis of a craniopharyngioma that underwent successful radical surgery. Craniopharyngioma is a benign tumor and thought to be a slow growing tumor in childhood. The results of radical surgery were very poor, and the mortality and morbidity rates were high in the previous reports due to the huge size of tumor at operation. The present case demonstrated the rapid growth in short interval of Gd-MRI. This is the first report of tumor kinetics of congenital craniopharyngioma with previous reports. The calculated tumor doubling time in our case was 37 days.


Trigeminal neuralgia caused by fibrous bands: case illustration


腰椎ドレナージを併用した開頭術後に続発性脳脊髄液漏出症を合併した1例,

腰椎ドレナージを併用した開頭術後に続発性脳脊髄液漏出症を合併した1例,


Radiation-induced meningiomas after BNCT in patients with malignant glioma,

Of the 180 patients with malignant brain tumors whom we treated with boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) since 1968, only one (0.56%) developed multiple radiation-induced meningiomas. The parasagittal meningioma that had received 42 Gy (w) for BNCT showed more rapid growth on Gd-enhanced MRI scans and more atypical features on histopathologic studies than the temporal convexity tumor that had received 20 Gy (w). Long-term follow up MRI studies are necessary in long-survivors of malignant brain tumors treated by BNCT.


Diagnosis of brain tumors using dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion imaging with a short acquisition time

This study sought to determine the diagnostic utility of perfusion parameters derived from dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) perfusion MRI with a short acquisition time (approximately 3.5 min) in patients with glioma, brain metastasis, and primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL). Twenty-six patients with 29 lesions (4 low-grade glioma, 13 high-grade glioma, 7 metastasis, and 5 PCNSL) underwent DCE-MRI in a 3 T scanner. A ROI was placed on the hotspot of each tumor in maps for volume transfer contrast K (trans) , extravascular extracellular volume V e , and fractional plasma volume V p . We analyzed differences in parameters between tumors using the Mann-Whitney U test. We calculated sensitivity and specificity using receiver operating characteristics analysis. Mean K (trans) values of LGG, HGG, metastasis and PCNSL were 0.034, 0.31, 0.38, 0.44, respectively. Mean Ve values of each tumors was 0.036, 0.57, 0.47, 0.96, and mean Vp value of each tumors was 0.070, 0.086, 0.26, 0.17, respectively. Compared with other tumor types, low-grade glioma showed lower K (trans) (P < 0.01, sensitivity = 88%, specificity = 100%) and lower V e (P < 0.01, sensitivity = 96%, specificity = 100%). PCNSL showed higher V e (P < 0.01, sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 88%), but the other perfusion parameters overlapped with those of different histology. Kinetic parameters derived from DCE-MRI with short acquisition time provide useful information for the differential diagnosis of brain tumors.


Prevention of retrograde blood flow into large or giant internal carotid artery aneurysms by endovascular coil embolization with high-flow bypass: surgical technique and long-term results

Recanalization has been reported in large or giant aneurysms of the internal carotid artery (ICA) addressed by high-flow bypass and endovascular treatment. Aneurysmal recanalization may be attributable to retrograde blood flow into the aneurysm through the ICA branches, such as the ophthalmic artery or the meningohypophyseal trunk, or through the surgically created bypass. We modified the endovascular treatment of aneurysms to prevent retrograde flow and evaluated the long-term efficacy of our method. We used a hybrid operative/endovascular technique to treat 5 patients with large or giant aneurysms arising from the C2-C4 segment of the ICA who presented with visual symptoms due to the mass effect of the aneurysm. To prevent retrograde flow into the aneurysm our modified endovascular treatment involves coil embolization of the aneurysmal orifice and the ICA, including the origin of the ophthalmic artery and meningohypophyseal trunk, and placement of a high-flow bypass using a radial artery graft. During the 5- to 12-year follow-up period, 4 aneurysms disappeared, and the other decreased in size. There were no subarachnoid hemorrhages. All bypass grafts remained patent. Visual preservation was achieved in 2 patients; 1 patient manifested visual improvement. Although 2 patients experienced transient neurological deficits we encountered no permanent complications in this series. The final modified Rankin scale of the 5 patients was 0 or 1. Prevention of retrograde flow into the aneurysm by coil embolization with high-flow bypass is a safe and effective method. It prevents the recanalization of large or giant ICA aneurysms.


Blocking of the interaction between Wnt proteins and their co-receptors contributes to the anti-tumor effects of adenovirus-mediated DKK3 in glioblastoma

The effect of the third member of the Dickkopf family (DKK3) in the Wnt pathway in glioblastoma remains unclear. We first demonstrated the non-specific interaction of Wnt3a and Wnt5a with the receptors LRP6 and ROR2 and the up-regulation of the Wnt pathway in glioblastoma cells. We used an adenovirus vector and found that an increase in DKK3 protein attenuated the expression of Wnt3a, Wnt5a and LRP6, but not of ROR2, and their interaction, thereby affecting both canonical- and non-canonical Wnt downstream cascades. This produced anti-tumor effects in GBM xenograft models. The suppression of Wnt pathways upstream by DKK3 may have promise for the treatment of glioblastoma.


脳梗塞発症後早期からの抗血小板薬使用が予後に及ぼす影響の検討

脳梗塞発症後早期からの抗血小板薬使用が予後に及ぼす影響の検討


悪性胚細胞腫瘍に対する外科的治療の意義と化学治療の選択

悪性胚細胞腫瘍に対する外科的治療の意義と化学治療の選択

日本内分泌学会雑誌:第24回日本間脳下垂体腫瘍学会Proceeding

日本内分泌学会雑誌:第24回日本間脳下垂体腫瘍学会Proceeding


The ARNT-STAT3 axis regulates the differentiation of intestinal intraepithelial TCRαβ+CD8αα+cells.

Intestinal intraepithelial T cells contribute to the regulation of inflammatory responses in the intestine; however, the molecular basis for their development and maintenance is unknown. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor complexes with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) and senses environmental factors, including gut microbiota. Here, we identify ARNT as a critical regulator of the differentiation of TCRαβ(+)CD8αα(+) intestinal intraepithelial T cells. Mice deficient in either ARNT or aryl hydrocarbon receptor show a greater than- eight-fold reduction in the number of TCRαβ(+)CD8αα(+) intestinal intraepithelial T cells. The number of TCRαβ(+)CD8αα(+) intestinal intraepithelial T cells is increased by treatment with an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist in germ-free mice and is decreased by antibiotic treatment. The Arnt-deficient precursors of TCRαβ(+)CD8αα(+) intestinal intraepithelial T cells express low amounts of STAT3 and fail to differentiate towards the TCRαβ(+)CD8αα(+) cell fate after IL-15 stimulation, a deficiency that is overcome by overexpression of Stat3. These data demonstrate that the ARNT-STAT3 axis is a critical regulator of TCRαβ(+)CD8αα(+) intestinal intraepithelial T-cell development and differentiation.


輸血拒否患者の髄膜腫手術

輸血拒否患者の髄膜腫手術


高齢者における頭蓋内多発性病変

高齢者における頭蓋内多発性病変