Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, an Adrenal Androgen, Is Inversely Associated with Prevalence of Dynapenia in Male Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes.

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) is thought to be associated with life expectancy and anti-aging. Although skeletal muscle disorders are often found in diabetic people, the clinical significance of DHEAS in skeletal muscle remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether DHEAS is associated with the development of skeletal muscle disorders in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). A cross-sectional study was conducted in 361 individuals with T2D. Serum DHEAS levels, skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), handgrip strength (HS), and gait speed (GS) were measured in the participants. Pre-sarcopenia, sarcopenia, and dynapenia were defined according to the definitions of the AWGS 2019 criteria. DHEAS level was positively associated with HS but not with SMI or GS after adjustment of confounding factors. Multiple logistic regression analyses in total subjects showed that DHEAS level had an inverse association with the prevalence of dynapenia but not with the prevalence of pre-sarcopenia or sarcopenia. Furthermore, a significant association between DHEAS level and dynapenia was found in males but not in females. ROC curve analysis indicated that cutoff values of serum DHEAS for risk of dynapenia in males was 92.0 μg/dL. Therefore, in male individuals with T2D who have low serum levels of DHEAS, adequate exercise might be needed to prevent dynapenia.


Umami taste sensitivity is associated with food intake and oral environment in subjects with diabetes

Dysgeusia is a serious problem in patients with diabetes because it often leads to overeating, which is associated with disease progression. This study aimed to investigate the association between taste sensitivity, eating habits, and the oral environment. In this cross-sectional study of 75 subjects with diabetes, gustatory function was assessed using the whole-mouth method, and lingual taste receptor gene expression was measured by real-time PCR. Food intake was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire based on food groups. The oral environment was assessed using xerostomia and periodontal comprehensive examination. In total, 45.3%, 28.0%, and 18.7% of subjects showed lower umami taste sensitivity, low sweet taste sensitivity, and low salt taste sensitivity, respectively. Lower umami sensitivity correlated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher energy-source food intake. Subjects with diabetes with higher plaque control record showed significantly higher T1R3 gene expression than those with lower plaque control record. Reduced umami taste sensitivity is associated with decreased renal function and high energy food intake in diabetes. Subjects with diabetes with higher plaque control record showed significantly higher T1R3 gene expression, suggesting that the oral environment affects taste gene expression. J. Med. Invest. 70 : 241-250, February, 2023.

The Journal of Medical Investigation : JMI


Chronic Intake of a Meal Including Alaska Pollack Protein Increases Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength in Healthy Older Women: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

In animal studies, a meal containing Alaska pollack protein (APP) induces fast-twitch muscle hypertrophy. To our knowledge, no interventional studies have examined the benefits of APP intake on muscle mass and muscle weakness and the prevention of sarcopenia in older individuals. We evaluated the effects of APP intake on skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance among healthy community-dwelling older Japanese women. In this double-blind randomized controlled trial, healthy women 65 y old were allocated to an APP or whey protein control (CON) group. Participants ingested test protein meals (5.0-5.1 g protein/serving) daily for 24 wk. Between-group differences in the change of skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) as the primary outcome and muscle strength as a secondary outcome were tested using multifrequency BIA and a handheld dynamometer, respectively, at baseline, and 4, 12, and 24 wk. The mean changes in the measured primary and secondary outcome variables from baseline to 4, 12, and 24 wk were compared using unpaired t tests. There were no between-group differences in nutritional status, food intake, or total energy and protein intakes at baseline, 12 wk, or 24 wk. The change in SMI was 0.12 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.23 kg/m2) and 0.11 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.19 kg/m2) greater in the APP group than in the CON group at 12 wk and 24 wk (P 0.03) and knee extension strength was 0.07 Nm/kg BW (95% CI: 0.02, 0.12 Nm/kg BW) and 0.05 Nm/kg BW (95% CI: 0.00, 0.09 Nm/kg BW) higher in the APP group than in the CON group at these times (P 0.015), respectively. The groups did not differ at 4 wk. Daily intake of a meal containing APP compared with whey protein increases skeletal muscle mass and lower-extremity muscle strength in healthy older women, suggesting that an APP-containing meal may be useful in the prevention of sarcopenia in this group.This trial was registered at as UMIN000035718.


De-Training Effects Following Leucine-Enriched Whey Protein Supplementation and Resistance Training in Older Adults with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial with 24 Weeks of Follow-Up

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of de-training after a combined intervention of leucine-enriched whey protein supplementation and resistance training on skeletal muscle mass and strength in older adults with sarcopenia. A randomized controlled trial. A community in Hyogo, Japan. The study included older adults aged ≥ 65 years who were screened for sarcopenia at the Care Center from, a community in Hyogo, Japan. The participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups: whey protein supplementation after resistance training (RT + PRO; n = 27), resistance training only (RT; n = 27), and whey protein supplementation only (PRO; n = 27). An intervention program was conducted over a period of 24 weeks. The program included RT and/or PRO supplementation twice a week for 24 weeks, followed by a de-training period for another 24 weeks. PRO supplementation included 11.0 g of protein and 2,300 mg of leucine. The total energy and protein intake amounts for the participants in all groups were controlled to achieve at least 30 kcal/kg ideal body weight (IBW)/day and 1.2 g/kg IBW/day, respectively, during the intervention and de-training periods. The primary outcomes, such as mean change of appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ΔASMI), and secondary outcomes, such as handgrip strength (ΔHGS), were measured at baseline, the end of intervention, and at 12 and 24 weeks of de-training. Compared to baseline, ASMI and HGS increased significantly at the end of the intervention period in the RT+PRO group (ASMI and HGS, p < 0.01); however, there were no significant differences in ΔASMI and ΔHGS between each group. At 24 weeks of the de-training period, ΔASMI and ΔHGS were higher in the RT + PRO group than in the RT group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). We demonstrated that combined intervention of RT and PRO showed long-term maintenance in treating sarcopenia than RT only at 24 weeks after de-training. Therefore, PRO intake after RT may be useful in the treatment of sarcopenia in older adults.

The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging


Novel method utilizing bisulfite conversion with dual amplification-refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction to detect circulating pancreatic β-cell cfDNA.

We developed a novel method for detecting unmethylated insulin DNA in circulation that can be performed using a conventional real-time PCR system. This method would be useful for analyzing dynamic profiles of β-cells in human disease such as type 1 diabetes.


Basal insulin requirement in patients with type 1 diabetes depends on the age and body mass index.


Essential Amino Acid and Tea Catechin Supplementation after Resistance Exercise Improves Skeletal Muscle Mass in Older Adults with Sarcopenia: An Open-Label, Pilot, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2022.2025546.

The mean adherence rate to exercise and supplementation intake over the 24-week intervention period was 86.8% in the RE + EAA + TCC group, 86.4% in the RE + EAA group, and 85.4% in the RE group. A significant group-by-time interaction was identified for SMM (p = 0.010). The pre- to post-intervention increase in SMM was significantly higher in the RE + EAA + TCC group than in the RE group (p = 0.010).

Journal of the American Nutrition Association


Taste receptor gene expression is associated with decreased eGFR in patients with diabetes.

Dysgeusia is not only associated with zinc deficiency but also with certain drugs or diseases, including diabetes and renal failure. It often lowers the patient's quality of life and hinders access to proper nutrition. The underlying mechanism is unclear and there is a lack of awareness among patients. Here, we focused on lingual taste receptor gene expression in diabetes and elucidated the relationship between taste receptor gene expression and renal function. Forty-seven patients with diabetes and 10 healthy subjects (control group) were enrolled. Lingual foliate papillae were scraped and the derived cDNA was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Dysgeusia was assessed using SALSAVE?. All statistical analyses were performed using JMP? software 13. The expression of T1R1 and T1R2 was significantly upregulated in type 2 diabetes patients as compared with that in healthy subjects (P<0.01) but did not change in type 1 diabetes patients. T1R3 expression positively correlated and Scnn1 expression negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate, suggesting that altered taste receptor gene expression could reflect impaired renal function. Thus, alterations in T1R3 and Scnn1 expression in diabetes correlated with renal function. Taste receptor gene expression dysregulation could indicate dysgeusia associated with impaired renal function in patients with diabetes. J. Med. Invest. 69 : 120-126, February, 2022.


循環血中遊離 DNA を用いた膵β細胞傷害の新規検出法の確立

循環血中遊離 DNA を用いた膵β細胞傷害の新規検出法の確立

In people with type1 diabetes(T1D), biomarkers that can sensitively and quantitatively evaluate injury of pancreatic beta cell are required in order to predict the onset of the disease at an early stage and to provide interventions to prevent the progression of the disease. We developed a new method for quantifying pancreatic beta cell-derived insulin DNA in circulation that combines bisulfite conversion and Amplification Refractory Mutation System(ARMS)PCR, which can be performed using a conventional real-time PCR system. We applied this method to T1D patients and healthy adults, both could be detected in about 30% of cases. The results in healthy adults indicate that this method may have sensitivity to detect the turnover of pancreatic beta cells at physiological conditions. In post-onset T1D patients, there were many negatives because the amount of residual pancreatic beta cells was extremely small. However, in some cases with a short duration of the disease, pancreatic beta cell-derived insulin DNA was detected in negative correlation between the duration of the disease, that suggested the residual pancreatic beta cells continue to be slowly destroyed. It was demonstrated that the time course of pathophysiology in T1D could be understood using this method.


情報を活かし地域に沿った腎症重症化予防策「行政・医療機関の情報を活用したヒューマンネットワークによる糖尿病重症化」


A low serum IGF-1 is correlated with sarcopenia in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Findings from a post-hoc analysis of the iDIAMOND study.

A low serum IGF-1 level is correlated with sarcopenia and low skeletal muscle mass in subjects with T1DM.

The z-score of serum IGF-1 was significantly lower in the subjects with T1DM than that in those without diabetes (p < 0.001). Among subjects with T1DM, the z-score of serum IGF-1 was significantly lower in sarcopenic subjects than in non-sarcopenic subjects. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the serum IGF-1 z-score was an independent determinant of sarcopenia and a low skeletal muscle mass index, but not low grip strength nor slow gait speed in subjects with T1DM.


Effect of ingestion of essential amino acids and tea catechins after resistance exercise on the muscle mass, physical performance, and quality of life of healthy older people: A randomized controlled trial

We evaluated the effectiveness of a 24-week nutritional ingestion program involving essential amino acid (AA) and tea catechin (TC) intake after performing resistance exercise in increasing the skeletal muscle mass, physical performance, and quality of life of healthy older people. An open-label randomized controlled trial involving 84-healthy older individuals (age ≥65 years) without sarcopenia, diabetes, and kidney disease, was conducted. They were allocated to the exercise (n=28), exercise and essential AA ingestion (n=28), and exercise, essential AA, and TC ingestion groups (n=28). The participants underwent a 24-week program of resistance exercise (performed twice per week) along with essential AA and TC intake (3,000 and 540 mg, respectively). Six participants could not complete the intervention after randomization. After the 24-week intervention period, the exercise, essential AA, and TC ingestion groups showed an increase in the skeletal muscle mass index, one-legged balance test, and physical quality of life score (skeletal muscle mass index, p=0.004; one-legged balance test, p=0.045; physical quality of life, p=0.020). After the 24- week intervention period, the exercise and essential AA ingestion group showed an increase in the skeletal muscle mass index and physical quality of life score (skeletal muscle mass index, p=0.014; physical quality of life, p=0.041). However, the exercise group did not show an increase in the skeletal muscle mass index. These results suggested that resistance exercise, essential AA, and TC intake in healthy older people could improve physical performance.

Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition


Effect of whey protein supplementation after resistance exercise on the treatment of sarcopenia and quality of life among older women with sarcopenia: A randomized controlled trial

レジスタンス運動後の乳清たんぱく質の摂取が高齢女性のサルコペニア治療とQOLに与える効果:無作為化比較試験

To evaluate the effectiveness of a 24-week nutritional supplementation program involving whey protein intake after resistance exercise in treatment of sarcopenia and quality of life (QOL) among older women with sarcopenia, we carried out a pilot study, randomized controlled trial among elderly individuals with sarcopenia, aged 65-years or older, who were allocated to three groups: exercise and whey protein supplementation (Ex+Whey) group, exercise (Ex) group, and whey protein supplementation (Whey) group. Sarcopenia was defined using the Asian Working Group for sarcopenia 2014 criteria, as follows: low hand-grip strength (<18.0 kg) or slow gait speed (<0.8m/sec), and low skeletal muscle mass index (SMI, <5.7kg/m2). A 24-week program of resistance exercise, carried out twice per week, was combined with whey protein supplementation, involving 11.0 g of protein and 2,300 mg of leucine. After the 24-week intervention period, the Ex+Whey group (n=20) showed a decrease in sarcopenia, lower SMI, lower grip strength, and increase in physical QOL score (sarcopenia; p=0.004, SMI and grip strength; p=0.008, QOL; p=0.027). After the 24-week intervention period, the Whey group (n=20) showed a decrease in sarcopenia and lower SMI (all p=0.017). The Ex-group (n=19) did not show a decrease in sarcopenia, lower SMI, and lower grip strength. These results suggest that resistance exercise and whey protein intake in older women with sarcopenia, on the multiple outcome measures such as improves lower SMI, lower grip strength, and physical QOL. However, there were no between-group differences in the change from the pre- to the post-intervention period at 24 weeks in the lower SMI and lower grip strength. In this study, the intervention effect of Ex+Whey could not be clearly shown in the outcome measures.

Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine


High prevalence and clinical impact of dynapenia and sarcopenia in Japanese patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: Findings from the Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Dynapenia study.

Sarcopenia and dynapenia were more frequent in patients with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes than in individuals without diabetes, which might contribute to their impaired quality of life and incidental falls.


Urinary adiponectin excretion is an early predictive marker of the decline of the renal function in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Since diabetes-associated kidney complication changes from diabetic nephropathy to diabetic kidney disease (DKD), more suitable biomarkers than urinary albumin are required. It has been hypothesized that urinary adiponectin (u-ADPN) is associated with the progression of DKD. We therefore evaluated the effectiveness of u-ADPN in predicting the decline of the renal function in patients with diabetes prior to end-stage renal disease. An ultrasensitive immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassay (ICT-EIA) was used to measure total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin separately. We evaluated the relationships between the creatinine-adjusted urinary total-ADPN and HMW-ADPN, albumin (UACR) and liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) at baseline and the 2-year change of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (ΔeGFR). This 2-year prospective observational study included 201 patients with diabetes. These patients were divided into three groups according to their ΔeGFR: ≤-10 mL/min/1.73m, >-10 and ≤0 mL/min/1.73m, and >0 mL/min/1.73m. Jonckheere-Terpstra test showed that lower ΔeGFR was associated with higher u-HMW-ADPN (p = 0.045). In logistic regression analysis, u-HMW-ADPN was associated with ΔeGFR after adjusted age, sex, and basal eGFR. Urinary HMW-ADPN could predict a declining renal function in patients with diabetes.

Journal of Diabetes and its Complications


Development of fully automated and ultrasensitive assays for urinary adiponectin and their application as novel biomarkers for diabetic kidney disease.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) are used to diagnose and classify the severity of chronic kidney disease. Total adiponectin (T-AN) and high molecular weight adiponectin (H-AN) assays were developed using the fully automated immunoassay system, HI-1000 and their significance over conventional biomarkers were investigated. The T-AN and H-AN assays had high reproducibility, good linearity, and sufficient sensitivity to detect trace amounts of adiponectin in the urine. Urine samples after gel filtration were analyzed for the presence of different molecular isoforms. Low molecular weight (LMW) forms and monomers were the major components (93%) of adiponectin in the urine from a diabetic patient with normoalbuminuria. Urine from a microalbuminuria patient contained both high molecular weight (HMW) (11%) and middle molecular weight (MMW) (28%) adiponectin, although the LMW level was still high (52%). The amount of HMW (32%) and MMW (42%) were more abundant than that of LMW (24%) in a diabetic patient with macroalbuminuria. T-AN (r = - 0.43) and H-AN (r = - 0.38) levels showed higher correlation with estimated GFR (eGFR) than UAER (r = - 0.23). Urinary levels of both T-AN and H-AN negatively correlated with renal function in diabetic patients and they may serve as new biomarkers for diabetic kidney disease.


Clinical impact of sarcopenia and dynapenia on diabetes.

Sarcopenia as a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder that is associated with an increased likelihood of adverse outcomes, including falls, fractures, physical disability, and mortality. On the other hand, an age-related decline in muscle strength prior to the reduction of muscle mass, is proposed to be "dynapenia". Sarcopenia and dynapenia have recently been recognized as a diabetic complications in type 2 diabetes. We firstly indicated that sarcopenia was frequently observed in 16.6% of patients with type 1 diabetes aged even over 40 years. Additionally, we recently reported that the prevalence rate of dynapenia was higher than sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Chronic hyperglycemia accelerates accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which causes diabetic vascular complications through oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. We also demonstrated that skin autofluorescence (AF) as a marker of AGEs, was the independent determinant for skeletal muscle mass and strength in patients with type 2 diabetes and muscle strength in type 1 diabetes. Therefore, the early diagnosis of muscle weakness is essential for patients with diabetes and sustained good glycemic control with exercise and dietary intervention might be beneficial to prevent the progression of muscle weakness in these patients.


Circulating osteocalcin as a bone-derived hormone is inversely correlated with body fat in patients with type 1 diabetes.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the correlations between serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) or osteocalcin (OC) concentrations and %body fat, serum adiponectin and free-testosterone concentration, muscle strength and dose of exogenous insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. We recruited 73 Japanese young adult patients with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes. All participants were receiving insulin replacement therapy. The correlations between logarithmic serum ucOC or OC concentrations and each parameter were examined. Serum ucOC and OC concentrations were inversely correlated with %body fat (r = -0.319, P = 0.007; r = -0.321, P = 0.006, respectively). Furthermore, multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine whether or not serum ucOC or OC concentrations were factors associated with %body fat. Serum ucOC and OC concentrations remained significant factors even after adjusting for gender, HbA1c, body weight-adjusted total daily dose of insulin and duration of diabetes (β = -0.260, P = 0.027; β = -0.254, P = 0.031, respectively). However, serum ucOC and OC concentrations were not correlated with serum adiponectin or free-testosterone concentrations, muscle strength or dose of exogenous insulin. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the inverse correlation between serum ucOC or OC concentrations and body fat in patients with type 1 diabetes.


Association of accumulated advanced glycation end-products with a high prevalence of sarcopenia and dynapenia in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which are a major cause of diabetic vascular complications, accumulate in various tissues under chronic hyperglycemic conditions, as well as with aging in patients with diabetes. The loss of muscle mass and strength, so-called sarcopenia and dynapenia, has recently been recognized as a diabetic complication. However, the influence of accumulated AGEs on muscle mass and strength remains unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the association of sarcopenia and dynapenia with accumulated AGEs in patients with type 2 diabetes. We recruited 166 patients with type 2 diabetes aged 30 years (mean age 63.2 ± 12.3 years; body mass index 26.3 ± 4.9 kg/m ; glycated hemoglobin 7.1 ± 1.1%). Skin autofluorescence as a marker of AGEs, limb skeletal muscle mass index, grip strength, knee extension strength and gait speed were assessed. Sarcopenia and dynapenia were observed in 7.2 and 13.9% of participants, respectively. Skin autofluorescence was significantly higher in patients with sarcopenia and dynapenia. Skin autofluorescence was the independent determinant for skeletal muscle mass index, grip strength, knee extension strength, sarcopenia and dynapenia. Accumulated AGEs could contribute to reduced muscle mass and strength, leading to sarcopenia and dynapenia in patients with type 2 diabetes.


Differences and overlap between sarcopenia and physical frailty in older community-dwelling Japanese.

This study showed that sarcopenia with frailty was had higher incidences of recurrent fall and poor HRQOL than robust older adults. Aging and poor energy, protein, and vitamin D intake, may be relevant factors for sarcopenia with frailty.

Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition


Effect of whey protein supplementation after resistance exercise on the muscle mass and physical function of healthy older women: A randomized controlled trial.

Whey protein supplementation, ingested after resistance exercise, could be effective for the prevention of sarcopenia among healthy community-dwelling older Japanese women. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1398-1404.

The pre- to post-intervention increase in the skeletal muscle mass index was significantly higher for the exercise only group than for the protein supplementation only group (P =0.008), and significantly higher for the exercise and protein supplementation group than for either the exercise only (P =0.007) or protein supplementation only (P <0.001) groups. Similarly, the increase in grip strength and gait speed was significantly greater for the exercise and protein supplementation group than for the protein supplementation only group (grip strength P =0.014, gait speed P =0.026).


Accuracy and Time Delay of Glucose Measurements of Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Bedside Artificial Pancreas During Hyperglycemic and Euglycemic Hyperinsulinemic Glucose Clamp Study.

Both CGM and AP failed to follow plasma glucose values during nonphysiologically rapid glucose rising, but indicated accurate values during physiological glucose change.

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology


Advanced glycation end products is a risk for muscle weakness in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes.

Accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is thought to contribute to muscle weakness in a diabetic animal model. Skin autofluorescence (AF) is a proposed marker for accumulation of AGEs in the skin. We aimed to investigate the relationship between AGEs accumulation, sarcopenia, and muscle function of Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes. Thirty-six patients with type 1 diabetes participated in this cross-sectional study. Sarcopenia parameters (skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and knee extension strength) were compared with subcutaneous AGEs accumulation using skin AF. The prevalence of sarcopenia and impaired knee extension strength was 16.6% (male: 0.0%, female: 22.2%) and 47.2% (male: 22.2%, female: 55.6%), respectively. Knee extension strength was negatively correlated with skin AF (r²= 0.14, p < 0.05), but not with SMI. In conclusion, the AGEs accumulation might be one of the reasons of impaired lower limb muscle function in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Effect of increased daily intake of protein, combined with a program of resistance exercises, on the muscle mass and physical function of community-dwelling elderly women

The Journal of Aging Research & Clinical Practice


Non-invasive Measurement of Skin Autofluorescence as a Beneficial Surrogate Marker for Atherosclerosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. Skin autofluorescence (AF) was recently reported to represent tissue AGEs accumulation with a non-invasive method. The aim of the present study was to evaluate association between AF value and diabetic vascular complications, such as retinopathy, nephropathy and cervical atherosclerosis using the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), an established marker of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 68 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in a cross-sectional manner. AGEs accumulation was measured with AF reader. Clinical parameters were collected at the time of AF and IMT measurement. Max-IMT was correlated with age and AF (r=0.407, p=0.001), but not with HbA1c, GA, and pentosidine. Also, AF was not correlated with HbA1c, GA and pentosidine, but was correlated with age (r=0.560, p<0.001), duration of diabetes (r=0.256, p<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that AF, but not age, was an independent determinant of max-IMT. In conclusion, AF might be a beneficial surrogate marker for evaluating carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes non-invasively. J. Med. Invest. 62: 126-129, August, 2015.

The Journal of Medical Investigation : JMI


Effect of timing of protein and carbohydrate intake after resistance exercise on nitrogen balance in trained and untrained young men.

The timing of protein and carbohydrate intake after resistance exercise influences nitrogen balance differently in trained and untrained young men.

Subjects were 10 trained healthy men (mean age, 23 ± 4 years; height, 173.8 ± 3.1 cm; weight, 72.3 ± 4.3 kg) and 10 untrained healthy men (mean age, 23 ± 1 years; height, 171.8 ± 5.0 cm; weight, 64.5 ± 5.0 kg). All subjects performed four sets of 8 to 10 repetitions of a resistance exercise (comprising bench press, shoulder press, triceps pushdown, leg extension, leg press, leg curl, lat pulldown, rowing, and biceps curl) at 80% one-repetition maximum. After each resistance exercise session, subjects were randomly divided into two groups with respect to intake of protein (0.3 g/kg body weight) and carbohydrate (0.8 g/kg body weight) immediately after (P0) or 6 h (P6) after the session. All subjects were on an experimental diet that met their individual total energy requirement. We assessed whole-body protein metabolism by measuring nitrogen balance at P0 and P6 on the last 3 days of exercise training.