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en: Toward Understanding Molecular Bases for Biological Diversification of Human Coronaviruses: Present Status and Future Perspectives.

en: replication for various accessory proteins encoded by the variable 3' one-third portion of the CoV genome mostly remain to be determined. Importantly, the genomic sequences/structures closely linked to the high CoV recombination are poorly investigated and elucidated. Also, determinants for adaptation and pathogenicity have not been systematically investigated. We summarize here these research situations. Among conceivable projects, we are especially interested in the underlying molecular mechanism by which the observed CoV diversification is generated. Finally, as virologists, we discuss how we handle the present difficulties and propose possible research directions in the medium or long term.

en: Frontiers in Microbiology

ja: Frontiers in Microbiology


en: HIV-1 mutates to adapt in fluxing environments.

en: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is specifically adapted for replication, persistence, transmission, and survival in humans. HIV-1 is highly mutable in nature, and well responds to a variety of environmental pressures by altering its genome sequences. In this review, we have described experimental evidence that demonstrates this phantasmagoric property of HIV-1.

en: Microbes and Infection

ja: Microbes and Infection


en: [HIV infection].

ja: [HIV infection].

en: Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine

ja: 日本臨牀

volume: Vol.68 Suppl 8